CHAPTER III
SIMPLE SENTENCE IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGE
3.1 Some Definitions of Simple Sentence in Indonesian Language
In Indonesian language, simple sentence is called “Kalimat Tunggal or “Kalimat Sederhana” which means the sentence have one subject and one predicate. In other word, it can called as main clause (induk kalimat) without sub-clause (anak kalimat).
In Indonesian dictionary, “Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia” it is states as follow:
M. Ramlan (1987), in his book “Ilmu Bahasa Indonesia Syntaksis” says that:
“Kalimat yang terdiri dari satu klausa disebut kalimat sederhana ,…..”
(M. Ramlan, Ilmu Bahasa Indonesia, Syntaksis, p.49)
“The sentence which contains of one clause called simple sentence,..”
(M. Ramlan, Ilmu Bahasa Indonesia, Syntaksis, p.49)
Hasan Alwi (2003), in his book “Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia” says that:
“Kalimat tunggal adalah kalimat yang terdiri atas satu klausa.”
(Hasan Alwi, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, p.338)
“Simple sentence is a sentence which contains of one clause.”
(Hasan Alwi, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, p.338).
Furthermore, Gorys Keraf (1976) explains if a sentence contains only one pattern, while its broadening does not form a new pattern more, so it is simple sentence. In other words, simple sentence is the sentence which contains only two elements as essence which may broadened with one or more element additions as long as that additions are not form a new pattern. From those definition above, the simple sentence is not only in short pattern S + P (Subject + predicate) but both subject and predicate may have modifiers it means simple sentence can be also in a long sentence as long as in one pattern. The following sentences are simple because each contains only one clause.
Examples :
1) Subjek menarik. ( Indonesian Language)
(S) (P)
= The subject is interesting. à (English)
2) Mereka belajar bahasa Indonesia
(S) (P) (O)
= The study Indonesian language. à (English)
3) Kami bermain bola pagi ini. (I. L)
(S) (P) (O) (adv)
= We play the football this morning. (English)
3.2. The Simple Sentence Patterns in Indonesian Language
From those definitions in (3.1.) that simple is not only in short pattern containing of one subject and one predicate, but both subject and predicate may have modifiers. So, it is possible that simple sentence can be also in a long pattern as long as still in one clause and its modifiers are not form a new pattern. There are ten simple sentence patterns in Indonesian langue (Alwi, 2003 : 338), they are :
- Subject + Predicate
- Subject + Predicate + Object
- Subject + Predicate + Complement
- Subject + Predicate (passive verb) + Object
- Subject + Predicate (adjectival)
- Subject + Marker “itu” + Predicate (nominal)
- Subject + Predicate (numeral)
- Subject + Predicate (prepositional)
- Subject + Predicate + Adverb
- Subject + Predicate + Object + Adverb
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3.2.1 Pattern 1 : or
This pattern is the simplest sentence pattern in Indonesian language, which does not use the object and complement, it is called Intransitive sentence (Alwi, 2003 : 339). Commonly, the noun is often used as the subject and the verb is preceed by prefixes ber- and me- are often used as the predicate in this pattern.
Examples :
1) Dia berjalan. à (1.L)
(S) (P)
= We walk. à (English)
2) Ibu Memasak. à (1.L)
(S) (P)
= My Mother cooks. à (English)
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3.2.2 Pattern 2 : or
This simple sentence pattern consists of three elements: subject, predicate and objects. Because the predicate is followed by one object, this simple sentence is called Monotransitive sentence or Kalimat Ekatransitif (Alwi, 2003 ; 314).
Examples:
1) Kami menangkap ayam itu. à (1.L)
(S) (P) (O)
= We catch the hen. à (English)
2) Mereka menyetujui keputusannya. à (I.L)
(S) (P) (O)
= They agree with her / his decision. à (English)
Moreover, Ramlan (1987 : 93) explains that because of the predicate in a sentences is a transitive verb, the sentence is also followed by two objects. One object is called first object (O1) and another object is called second object (O2). Both O1 and O2 have the same characteristic that placed after or behind of the predicate in a sentence. According to Alwi (2003 : 342) emphasizes that the predicate in a sentences is followed by two objects, this simple sentence is called Double Transitive or Kalimat Dwitransitif. The suffix-kan placed after the bare infinitive (V1) is commonly used as the predicate in this pattern.
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The pattern : or
1) Dia membaca surat
(S) (P) (O1) (O2)
= She / He reads the letter from her / his mother à (English)
2). Kami membuatkan baju anak itu. à (I.L)
(S) (P) (O1) (O2)
= We make a dress to that child. à (English)
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3.2.3 Pattern 3 :
This pattern consist of subject, predicate, and complement. The complement is placed also behind of the predicate, but different with O1 and O2 which can change into passive sentence, complement can not change to passive sentence, because the complement may be n passive sentence (Ramlan, 1987 : 96).
The suffix -kan
Examples :
1) Orang tua itu selalu berbuat kebaikan. à (I.L)
(S) (P) (Comp.)
= The man is always do the goodness. à (English)
2) Ayah dibelikan sebuah kemeja baru. à (I.L)
(S) (Passive V) (Comp.)
= My father is bought a new shirt. à (English)
3) Negara Indonesia berdasarkan Pancasila. à (I.L)
(S) (P) (Comp.)
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This simple sentence pattern consists of three elements ; subject, passive verb and object. The predicate in this pattern is in passive verb which passive verb is usually signed by prefixes di-, ter-, and the word “oleh”. There is two ways in making a passive sentence in Indonesian language they are; first, with use the verb signing by the prefix di- and without use the verb signing by the prefix di- (Alwi, 2003 : 345).
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The pattern :
1) Seorang asisten baru diangkat Pak Toha. à (I. L)
(S) (Passive V) (O)
= A new assistant is appointed by him. à (English)
2) Rumah itu diperbaiki Pak Saleh. à (I. L)
(S) (Passive V) (O)
= The house is repaired by him. à (English)
3) Mobil itu sudah saya cuci. à (I. L)
(S) (Passive V)
= The car has clean. à (English)
Note: The passive verb in the example 3) is without use the verb signing by prefix di-.
Furthermore, Alwi (2003) explains that simple sentence can followed by prefix ter- which in this case indicates that the verb is the result of action that is unintentional. Prefix ter- is placed before the bare infinitive (V1).
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The pattern :
1) Penumpang bus itu terlempar ke luar. à (I. L)
(S) (Passive V) (Adv of place)
= The passengers in that bus are threw out side. à (English)
2) Dia terpukul kakaknya. à (I. L)
(S) (Passive V) (O)
= She / he is struck by her/his brother. à (English)
Note : Complement in this pattern can be in adverb and can be in object.
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The pattern :
Examples:
1) Buku itu dibaca oleh Ayah. à (I. L)
(S) (Passive V) (O)
= The book is read by my father. à (English)
2) Ruangan ini dibersihkan oleh mereka. à (I. L)
(S) (Passive V) (O)
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3. 2. 5. Pattern 5: o
This pattern consists of subject and predicate. But the predicate in this case is adjective. According to Alwi (2003 : 349), in Indonesian language a predicate may be in an adjective or adjectival phrase in a sentence.
Examples :
1) Ayahnya sakit. à (I. L)
(S) (Adj.)
= Her / his father is ill. à (English)
2) Pernyataan itu Benar. à (I. L)
(S) (Adj.)
= The statement is correct. à (English)
Futhermore, Alwi (2003) explains that this simple sentence may put the words; adalah, tidak, and bukan. These words are only used as the separation between subject and predicate, which placed either before or in front of the predicate.
Examples :
1) Gerakan badannya pada tarian yang pertama adalah anggun. à (I. L)
= The gesture of her body in the first dance is beautiful. à (English)
2) Pak Irwan bukan guru saya. à (I. L)
= He is not my teacher. à (English)
3) Ahmad tidak marah. à (I. L)
= He is not angry. à (English)
This simple sentence pattern can be also formulated by taking another word or phrase directly after the adjective.
Examples :
1) Saya takut pada ular. à (I. L)
(S) (Adj.) (prepositional)
= I am afraid of the snake. à (English)
2) Ayah saya sakit perut. à (I. L)
(S) (Adj.) (O)
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3.2.6. Pattern 6 :
Or
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This simple sentence pattern consists of three elements; subject, marker “itu” and predicate. But the predicate here is nominal. According to Alwi (2003 : 350) explains that in Indonesian language, the predicate may be in nomina or nominal phrase in a sentence. The marker “itu” is important used as the separation between subject and predicate. So, that, the nomina or nominal phrase does not form a new pattern.
Examples :
1) Pria itu kakak saya. à (I.L)
(S) (nominal phrase)
= That man is my brother. à (English)
2) Buku itu cetakan Bandung
(S) ( nominal phrase)
= That book is publication from Bandung à (English)
3) Orang itu guru. à (I.L)
(S) (nominal)
= That man is teacher. à (English)
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3.2.7. Pattern 7 : or
This pattern consists of subject and predicate, which the numeral in this case is also as the predicate in a sentence. Alwi (2003 : 351) explains that in Indonesian language, the predicate may be in numeral or numeral phrase in a sentence.
Examples :
1) Istrinya dua. à (I. L)
(S) (numeral)
= He is two wifes. à (English)
2) Lebar sungai itu lebih dari dia ratus meter. (I.L)
(S) (numeral phrase)
= The wide of that river is more than two hundred meters. à (English)
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3.2.8. Pattern 8 :
This simple sentence pattern consists of subject and predicate, which the prepositional or prepositional phrase here can be also the predicate in a sentence. Alwi (2003 : 32) explains that in Indonesian language, the predicate may be also in prepositional or prepositional phrase in a sentence.
Examples :
1) Ibu ke pasar. à (I.L)
(S) (prepositional phrase)
= My mother goes to market. à (English)
2) Mereka di dalam kamar. à (I.L)
(S) (prepositional phrase)
= They are in the bad-room. à (English)
This simple sentence pattern can be also formulated by presence of adverb may have either front or end position of a sentence. The presence of adverb add an important element of effective sentence.
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The pattern :
1) Dia ke rumah saya bersama teman-temannya. à (I.L)
(S) (prepositional phrase) (adv. of penyerta)
= He / she goes to my home with her/his friends. à (English)
2) Ayah ke Jakarta
(S) (prepositional phrase) (adv. of penyerta)
= My father goes to Jakarta without my brother à (English)
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3.2.9. Pattern 9 :
This pattern consist of three elements; subject, predicate and adverb. The predicate here is in a verb.
Examples :
1) Sri Baginda dan Sri Ratu tiba di Perancis. à (I.L)
(S) (P) (adv. of place)
= The king and the queen arrive in French. à (English)
2) Para guru berbaris di lapangan. à (I.L)
(S) (P) (adv. of place)
= The teachers form a line on the field. à (English)
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3.2.10. Pattern 10 :
This pattern is the last simple sentence pattern consists of four elements ; subject, predicate, object and adverb.
Examples :
1) Pemerintah mengumumkan disentralisasi itu hari ini. à (I.L)
(S) (P) (O) (adv. of time)
= The governor announces the decentralization today. à (English)
2) Kamu harus mengatur judul studimu dengan teratur. à (I.L)
(S) (P) (O) (adv. of manner)
= You must make a schedule of your study regularly. à (English)
3.3. Types Simple Sentences in Indonesian Language
Based on its contents, simple sentence can be divided into three types (Alwi, 2003 : 352), they are :
- Declarative sentences
- Interrogative sentences
- Imperative sentences
3.3.1. Declarative Sentences
In Indonesian language, declarative sentences as one type of simple sentences are also called Kalimat Berita. Declarative sentence is a simple sentence which used by the speaker or writer to convey information or news or make a statement directly addressed to the second person or listener or reader (Alwi, 2003 : 353).
The characteristics of this simple a sentence are first, signed by the mark or sign of point (.) at the end of a sentence. Second, in oral speaking this simple sentence is ended by low intonation. There are variety of the forms in declarative sentence. The forms can be in inversion sentence, active, or passive sentence.
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Active sentence:
1) Saya lihat ada bus di Ciliwung pagi ini. à (I.L)
(S) (P) (Complement)
= I look the bus in the Ciliwung this morning. à (English)
Passive sentence: S + prefix di- + bare infinitive (V1) + O
2) Mobil mewah itu ditabrak bus DPD. à (I.L)
(S) (Passive V) (O)
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Inversion sentences :
3) Ada
(P) (S) (adv. of place)
= There is a guest in the yard. à (English)
Moreover, Keraf (1976) emphasizes in using this simple sentence can be also in direct indirect sentence.
Examples :
Direct sentence:
1) “Saya membeli sepatu adikmu di sana
= “I buy the shoes to your brother/sister there”, My father said. à (English)
Indirect sentence:
2) Ayah membeli sepatu adik di sana
= My father buys the shoes to my brother/sister there. à (English)
3.3.2. Interrogative Sentences
In Indonesian language interrogative sentences is also called Kalimat Tanya as the type of simple sentence also. Interrogative sentence is a simple sentence which used by the speaker to ask something that the speaker knows yet (Keraf : 1970).
In oral speaking or writing, this simple sentence commonly needs the answer yes or no and the information about something from some one as interlocutor or a reader (Alwi, 2003 : 358).
Mofeover, Ramlan (1987 : 357) emphasizes about the characteristics of interrogative sentence ; first, informally interrogative sentence is signed by the interrogative words ; apa, siapa, berapa, mengapa, kenapa, bagaimana, kapan, mana. and they can be added by the particle – kah in the end of the words or the verbs to affirm the question. The position of the interrogative words can be in beginning or the end of a sentence. Second, in writing this simple sentence is signed by interrogative sign (?) in the end of sentence while in oral speaking this simple sentence is ended by increased intonation.
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The pattern :
1) Petani itu membawa apa ? à (I.L)
(S) (P) (IW)
= What does the farmer bring. à (English)
2) Engkau mencari siapa? (I.L)
(S) (P) (IW)
= Who is you look for? à (English)
3) Caramu membuatmu bagaimana ? à (I.L)
(S) (P) (W)
= How do you make it ? à (English)
Furthermore, Ramlan (1987 : 37) explains the interrogative words can moved in the beginning of sentence which have the function as the predicate in a sentence. Specially for the interrogative word “apa” in the beginning of sentence result in two matters ; first, the presence of connected word “yang” placed after the interrogative “apa” must be in passive form.
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The Pattern :
1) Apakah yang dibaca pak guru ? à (I.L)
(P) (S)
= What is read by teacher ? à (English)
2) Siapa nama anak itu ? à (I.L)
(P) (S)
= What is his/her name ? à (English)
3.3.3. Imperative Sentences
As the type of simple sentence, imperative sentence is called Kalimat Suruh or Kalimat Perintah in Indonesian language, imperative sentence is a simple sentence which contents of the command from the speaker has an authority to command the second person to do something (Ramlan, 1987 : 45).
Moreover, Alwi (2003 : 353) explains imperative sentence can be formed from un- complete clause, just infinitive verb and by using command intonation. In writing, the command intonation signaled by exclamation sign (!).
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The pattern :
1) Diam kau! à (I.L)
(P) (S)
= You, be quiet ! à (English)
2) Pergi kau ! à (I.L)
(P) (S)
= You, go away ! à (English)
Furthermore, Alwi (2003) adds in imperative sentence, it is possibly if the subject should not be present. So, it supposed informal or not effective sentence because an effective sentence consists of one predicate and one subject.
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The pattern :
1) Jangan berdiri disudut itu! à (I.L)
(P) (adv. of place)
= Don’t stand in the corner! à (English)
2) Jangan duduk disini ! à (I.L
(P) (adv. of place)
= Don’t sit here ! à (English)
The simple sentence also signaled by the presence of particle-lah preceed by bare infinitive or base verb. Particle-lah indicates that the simple sentence used more polite rather than another simple sentence does not use particle-lah.
Examples :
1) Tolonglah buka jendela itu ! à (I.L)
= Please open the window! à (English)
2) Jagalah kesehatanmu ! à (I.L)
= Keep your health! à (English)
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